The biopsychosocial model was proposed as an alternative to biomedical reductionism by including biological, psychological, and social dimensions of health and illness.

This page isolates one claim from the wider argument of The Human OS Manual.

The classification describes the evidence supporting this claim, not the Human OS framework as a whole.

Engel's 1977 paper provides historical precedent for expanding medical interpretation beyond biomedical reduction to include psychological and social dimensions.

Engel’s model is historical precedent. It does not validate the Human OS architecture, its six modules and two meta-layers, or the manuscript’s environmental layer.

This is historical precedent, not evidence for the Human OS architecture. Engel does not independently support the book's six modules, two meta-layers, or its environmental dimension.

Sources are listed according to the role they play in this claim. One source may provide direct support, another may explain a mechanism, establish a limitation, or prevent an interpretation from becoming broader than the evidence allows.

The printed book preserves the claim inside the argument that gives it meaning. These references connect the current digital record to the first-edition evidence trail.

This claim connects to the following parts of the Human OS architecture. The module labels locate the claim inside the framework; they do not imply that the research source validates the architecture itself.